In the case of aphids, spiroplasma may not directly exclude other symbionts, rather the infrequency of cooccurrence in sampled individuals could be a reflection of the higher cost coinfections. Davis,3 and ulrich melcher,4 received 9 january 2006final 18 may 2006 published online. Sequences essential for transmission of spiroplasma citri by. Davis first author, research plant pathologist, florist and nursery crops laboratory. In adaptation to its phloeminhabiting parasitic lifestyle, the bacterium has undergone a reductive evolutionary process and, as a result, possesses a compact genome with a gene set approaching the minimal complement necessary for multiplication and pathogenesis. A genome sequence survey of the mollicute corn stunt. Spiroplasma kunkelii is also referred to as corn stunt spiroplasma as it is the causative agent of corn stunt disease, a disease of corn and other grasses that stunts plant growth. Pdf immunodoublediffusion serological relationships. In order to characterize candidate genes potentially involved in spiroplasma transmission and pathogenicity, the genome of s.
Taxonomy of the species spiroplasma kunkelii whitcomb et al. Strain e275tt type strain was studied by using criteria proposed by the international committee on systematic bacteriology subcommittee on taxonomy of mollicutes for descriptions of new mollicute species. Spiroplasma kunkelii is a bacteriallike organism knows as a spiroplasma. Instead, bacterial cells were obtained by manual collection of hemolymph from infected female. Spiroplasma kunkelii class mollicutes is the characteristically helical, wallless bacterium that causes corn. The mollicute corn stunt spiroplasma spiroplasma kunkelii is a leafhoppertransmitted pathogen of maize. It is an obligate parasite, surviving in citrus or in a variety of other host plants, with no saprophytic phase. Speciesspecific and crossreactive monoclonal antibodies to. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license.
Nov 26, 2014 spiroplasma species are organisms that normally colonize plants and insects. Spiroplasma citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, is restricted to the phloem sieve tubes in plants. Spiroplasmas are helical motile filamentous, wallless and culturable mollicutes. Defensive capabilities are broad, impacting parasitic nematodes, insects, and fungi. Acquisition of spiroplasma citri through membranes by homopterous insects. Application of droplet digital pcr for quantitative. Taxonomy of the species spiroplasma kunkelii whitcomb et. However, polymerase chain reaction showed that the presence survival of s. Pdf immunodoublediffusion serological relationships among. Spiroplasma kunkelii, nonhelical spiroplasmas, mollicutes. Spiroplasma definition of spiroplasma by the free dictionary. Sequence comparisons of plasmids pbjso of spiroplasma. Spiroplasma spp a plant, arthropod, animal and human pathogen. A taxonomic genus within the family spiroplasmataceae mollicutes bacteria with a distinctive helical morphology.
The psci1 to 6 plasmids encode the membrane proteins known as s. Spiroplasma species are organisms that normally colonize plants and insects. Partial chromosome sequence of spiroplasma citri reveals. Insects are particularly rich sources of spiroplasmas. First human systemic infection caused by spiroplasma. Isolation of spiroplasma citri membranes and characterization of membrane proteins by twodimensional gel electrophoresis. Physical and genetic map of the spiroplasma kunkelii cr23x chromosome ellen l. Complete genome sequence of spiroplasma kunkelii strain. Spiroplasma citri strains maroc r8a2t t type strain, c189, and c3b, corn stunt spiroplasma sp. Spiroplasma is a genus of wallless, lowgc, small grampositive bacteria of the internal contractile cytoskeleton, with helical morphology and motility.
Certain species are pathogenic, under experimental conditions, for a variety of suckling rodents rats, mice. Assembling 20,000 sequencing reads generated seven circular. Sequence comparisons of plasmids pbjso of spiroplasma citri. We do not use these to store personal information about you.
On serum free medium ld59, nonhelical strains of s. Evolution of the spiroplasma p58 multigene family usda. Insect cell cultures in the study of attachment and pathogenicity of spiroplasmas and mycoplasmas. These strains, which are members of spiroplasma group i, did not show any crossreactions with flower spiroplasma strains bnr1 and pps1. A mechanism is implicated toxic ribosomeinactivating proteins are common across spiroplasma model hosts and culturability position spiroplasma as an exceptional model for the study of. Symptoms top of page chlorosis of leaf margins is the first symptom of s. Evolution of the spiroplasma p58 multigene family jana comer, 1jacqueline fletcher,2 robert e. Tell a friend about us, add a link to this page, or visit the webmasters page for free fun content.
Physical and genetic map of the spiroplasma kunkelii cr2. The majority of spiroplasmas are found to be commensals of insects, arachnids, crustaceans or plants. General information about spiroplasma kunkelii spirku this website uses cookies our website uses cookies to ensure that we give you the best possible online experience. Jul 07, 2004 four trae homologs, designated trae1, trae2, trae3 and trae4, were identified and amplified from the genome of the leafhoppertransmitted corn stunt pathogen spiroplasma kunkelii and were predicted to encode membranebound adenine triphosphatases atpases. Spiroplasma kunkelii is both circulative and propagative within the leafhopper vector alivizatos and. It has a spiral shape and moves in a corkscrew motion. Additionally, spiroplasma negatively impact occurrence or titer of defensive and other facultative symbionts in pea aphids 47 and drosophila. Pdf the genera mycoplasma and spiroplasma belong to the mollicutes, a group of grampositive firmicutes that lack a cell wall. Thirty six spiroplasma species have been identified. Spiroplama citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, is a bacterium of the class mollicutes and is transmitted by phloemfeeding leafhopper vectors.
Complete genome sequence of spiroplasma phoeniceum strain. Multiple strains of the heritable bacterium, spiroplasma, protect insects against infection by natural enemies. Physical and genetic map of the spiroplasma kunkelii cr23x. This information will facilitate studies of spiroplasma pathogenicity and evolutionary adaptations to transkingdom parasitism in plants and insect vectors. We describe the first case of human systemic infection caused by spiroplasma bacteria in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia undergoing treatment with biological diseasemodifying antirheumatic agents. Complete genome sequence of spiroplasma citri strain r8a2t.
The insecttransmissible strain gii3 of spiroplasma citri contains plasmids psci16, five of which psci15 encode adhesinlike proteins and one psci6 encodes protein p32, which has been associated with insect transmissibility. The genus is classified within the class mollicutes. The spiroplasma overwinters within the adult leafhopper. Here, we report the nucleotide sequence of the 1,791,576bp circular chromosome and three plasmids of strain p40t. The parasitoid gonatopus bartletti reduces presence of plant. Sequences essential for transmission of spiroplasma citri. Infection and replication sites of spiroplasma kunkelii class. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of the five spiralins analyzed to date confirm that the spiralins have a general amphiphilic character and possess a conserved lipoprotein signal peptide.
Cell division gene cluster in spiroplasma kunkelii. Spiroplasma host interactions can be classified as commensal, pathogenic or mutualist. Four trae homologs, designated trae1, trae2, trae3 and trae4, were identified and amplified from the genome of the leafhoppertransmitted corn stunt pathogen spiroplasma kunkelii and were predicted to encode membranebound adenine triphosphatases atpases. Small chlorotic spots appear 24 days later at the bases of newly developing leaves. Nine strains of spiroplasma subgroup, which comprise the etiological agent of corn stunt disease, were similar in their serological properties. The phytopathogen spiroplasma phoeniceum was isolated from diseased plants of madagascar periwinkle catharanthus roseus l. Spiroplasma shares the simple metabolism, parasitic lifestyle, friedegg colony morphology and small genome of other mollicutes, but has a distinctive helical morphology, unlike mycoplasma.
Fewer leafhoppers had css before and after parasitization compared with leafhoppers that only acquired the css. Spiroplasma turonicum was identified through molecular methods in several blood cultures. Spiroplasma citri, the causal agent of citrus stubborn disease, have a wide host range. A 3yr study was conducted in californias southern san joaquin valley to determine the overwintering survival of the corn leafhopper, dalbulus. Spiroplasma kunkelii spirkuoverview eppo global database. Corn leafhopper populations were sampled from november to march using yellow sticky cards, dvac suction samples, and. Spiroplasma kunkelii is a helical, wallless bacterium that causes corn stunt disease. Spiroplasma citri gii3 contains highly related lowcopynumber plasmids psci1 to 6. The largest chromosomal contigs were positioned on the physical and genetic maps constructed from pulsedfield gel electrophoresis and southern blot hybridizations. Speciesspecific and crossreactive monoclonal antibodies.
This study evaluated the applicability of ddpcr as a quantitative detection tool for the spiroplasma citri, causal agent of. The parasitoid gonatopus bartletti reduces presence of. The spiralin genes from two phytopathogenic spiroplasmas, spiroplasma phoeniceum and spiroplasma kunkelii, were amplified by pcr, cloned, and sequenced. Further references and information were obtained from experts, citations within the. Corn leafhoppers, dalbulus maidis, carry the spiroplasma from diseased corn to healthy corn. Spiroplasma is a genus of mollicutes, a group of small bacteria without cell walls. Through injection into the leafhopper vector, it can be experimentally transmitted to periwinkle catharanthus roseus plants, in which it multiplies and induces severe symptoms. This information will facilitate analyses to understand spiroplasmal pathogenicity and evolutionary adaptations to lifestyles in plants and arthropod hosts. For a complete taxonomy, refer to the taxonomic outline of bacteria and archaea, release 7. The assembly of 20,000 sequencing reads obtained from shotgun and chromosomespecific libraries of the spiroplasma citri genome yielded 77 chromosomal contigs totaling 1,674 kbp 92% of the 1,820kbp chromosome. Some of the strains were helical in cell shape, some were nonhelical, and some were partially helical, consisting of helical and nonhelical regions in the same cell.
Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Despite the strong similarities between their replication regions, these plasmids coexist in the spiroplasma cells, indicating that they are mutually compatible. Genome sequence of the drosophila melanogaster male. Spiroplasma kunkelii represents a major economic risk, as corn production in the united states is. Several strains were cloned in triplicate from one primary pure culture. Most spiroplasmas are found either in the gut or hemolymph of. Complete genome sequence of spiroplasma citri strain r8. Application of droplet digital pcr for quantitative detection.
Saglio p, lhospital m, laflfche d, dupont g, bove jm, tully jg, freundt ea, 1973. Further references and information were obtained from experts, citations within the references, as well as from gray literature. Serum free medium ld59 was used for primary isolation of spiroplasma kunkelii corn stunt spiroplasma from diseased corn plants from mississippi. Currently, there is no cell free culture of endosymbiotic spiroplasma bacteria. Droplet digital polymerase chain reaction ddpcr is a method for performing digital pcr that is based on wateroil emulsion droplet technology. Genome sequence of the drosophila melanogaster malekilling. This is the first report of nonhelical strains of s. Continuing to use this website means you agree to our use of cookies. Here, we report the nucleotide sequence of the 1,599,709bp circular chromosome and two plasmids of s. Here, we report the nucleotide sequence of the 1,463,926bp circular chromosome and four plasmids of strain cr23x. Overwintering of corn leafhopper, dalbulus maidis homoptera. Spiroplasma species live in plants and arthropods insects, ticks and crustaceans in symbiotic mostly commensal, rarely mutualistic or pathogenic interactions. Nov 21, 2019 acquisition of spiroplasma citri through membranes by homopterous insects. Spiroplasma citri causes stubborn disease in citrus spp.
In total, 144 712 nucleotides of nonredundant, highquality s. This information serves as a resource for comparative analyses of spiroplasmal adaptations to diverse ecological niches. Identification and characterization of trae genes of. It is a unique approach to measure the absolute copy number of nucleic acid targets without the need of external standards. Spiroplasma kunkelii class mollicutes is the characteristically helical, wallless bacterium that causes corn stunt disease.
Complete genome sequence of spiroplasma kunkelii strain cr2. Spiroplasma kunkelii causes corn stunt disease of zea mays l. Spiroplasma spp a plant, arthropod, animal and human. In successive leaves above those bearing first symptoms, the chlorotic spots coalesce to form stripes that extend towards the leaf.
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